Schopenhauerism

Schopenhauerism is a term for the personal philosophy of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism. He was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as Asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance. His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism.

Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason
Schopenhauer proposes that the principle of sufficient reason can be classified into four distinct categories or "roots," each corresponding to a different aspect of experience. These four roots are as follows:


 * 1) Becoming: The class of becoming arises with the combination of time and space, enabling perceptual actuality to become accessible to a subject. This allows for the interpretation of ideas and serves as the foundation for judgments based on causality. The law of causality, considered subjectively, is intellectual and a priori, forming the basis for inferences of cause and effect. It is through this aspect that the natural sciences operate, expanding upon the principles derived from causal relationships.
 * 2) Knowing: This class encompasses all judgments and abstract concepts known to a subject through conceptual and discursive reasoning. It comprises fixed representations derived from the other three classes of objects. Concepts within this class possess truth-value by referring to something external to the concept itself. They are rooted in intuitions of time, space, and the perception of causality, allowing for language and the possibility of various sciences.
 * 3) Being: The class of being involves the separate grounds of time and space. Time and space are a priori forms that provide a subject with an inner, temporal sense and an outer, spatial sense. These forms, constituting pure sensibility, make sensations possible for a subject. Time, being one-dimensional and successive, determines each moment in relation to the following moment. On the other hand, space determines positions in relation to other positions within a closed system. These intuitions of time and space form the basis for arithmetical and geometrical judgments, which hold validity in both theoretical and experiential domains.
 * 4) Willing: The class of willing pertains to a subject's direct knowledge of themselves as a volitional agent. A subject becomes aware of their acts of will (efferent actions) only after they occur, in the realm of time. Willing is grounded in the law of motivation, which is causality perceived from within (afferent perception). A subject not only knows their body as an object of outer sense but also possesses self-consciousness and perceives their body as an idea of perception in an inner sense. The motives that arise from intuitions, perceptions, or abstract conceptions determine a subject's actions in accordance with their character or will. The human sciences find their foundation in this aspect of the principle.
 * 1) Being: The class of being involves the separate grounds of time and space. Time and space are a priori forms that provide a subject with an inner, temporal sense and an outer, spatial sense. These forms, constituting pure sensibility, make sensations possible for a subject. Time, being one-dimensional and successive, determines each moment in relation to the following moment. On the other hand, space determines positions in relation to other positions within a closed system. These intuitions of time and space form the basis for arithmetical and geometrical judgments, which hold validity in both theoretical and experiential domains.
 * 2) Willing: The class of willing pertains to a subject's direct knowledge of themselves as a volitional agent. A subject becomes aware of their acts of will (efferent actions) only after they occur, in the realm of time. Willing is grounded in the law of motivation, which is causality perceived from within (afferent perception). A subject not only knows their body as an object of outer sense but also possesses self-consciousness and perceives their body as an idea of perception in an inner sense. The motives that arise from intuitions, perceptions, or abstract conceptions determine a subject's actions in accordance with their character or will. The human sciences find their foundation in this aspect of the principle.
 * 1) Willing: The class of willing pertains to a subject's direct knowledge of themselves as a volitional agent. A subject becomes aware of their acts of will (efferent actions) only after they occur, in the realm of time. Willing is grounded in the law of motivation, which is causality perceived from within (afferent perception). A subject not only knows their body as an object of outer sense but also possesses self-consciousness and perceives their body as an idea of perception in an inner sense. The motives that arise from intuitions, perceptions, or abstract conceptions determine a subject's actions in accordance with their character or will. The human sciences find their foundation in this aspect of the principle.

Friends

 * [[File:DepressionMale.png]] Depressionism - "Human life must be some kind of mistake. The truth of this will be sufficiently obvious if we only remember that man is a compound of needs and necessities hard to satisfy; and that even when they are satisfied, all he obtains is a state of painlessness, where nothing remains to him but abandonment to boredom."
 * [[File:Bud_icon.png]] Buddhism - I named my dog after your founder.
 * [[File:Kant.png]] Kantianism - The greatest of philosophers. Although you have some flaws.
 * [[File:Utility.png]] Utilitarianism - “Compassion is the basis of morality.”
 * [[File:Psychoanalysis.png]] Psychoanalysis - "Man can do what he wills but he cannot will what he wills."

Enemies

 * [[File:HegelianPhilosophy.png]] Hegelianism - Damn you charlatan! How are you more popular than me!
 * [[File:Nation.png]] - "The cheapest form of pride however is national pride. For it betrays in the one thus afflicted the lack of individual qualities of which he could be proud, while he would not otherwise reach for what he shares with so many millions."
 * [[File:Optimism.png]] Optimism - “Optimism is not only a false but also a pernicious doctrine, for it presents life as a desirable state and man's happiness as its aim and object. Starting from this, everyone then believes he has the most legitimate claim to happiness and enjoyment. If, as usually happens, these do not fall to his lot, he believes that he suffers an injustice, in fact that he misses the whole point of his existence.”

[[file:Wikipedia.png]] Wikipedia

 * Arthur Schopenhauer