Romanticism

Romanticism was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism, clandestine literature, ,  ,  suspicion of  and  , and glorification of the past with a strong preference for the  medieval rather than the classical. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education, chess, social sciences, and the natural sciences. It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing,  ,  , and  nationalism.

[[File:RomanticNationalism.png]] Romantic Nationalism [[File:RomanticNat.png]]
The romantics exalted nationalism in an exacerbated way, encouraging love for one's own country and the creation of a national hero. For Europeans, these heroes are medieval knights and in Brazil they are brave and civilized Indians. Nature is also highly exalted within the nationalism of romanticism. Romantic nationalism (also called organic nationalism or identity nationalism) is a form of nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of the individuals it governs. This includes, depending on the particular manner of practice, the language, race, culture, religion and customs of the "nation" in its primary sense of the set of people "born" into the culture. This form of nationalism emerged as a reaction to dynastic or imperial hegemony, which proclaimed the legitimacy of the state "from the top down", emanating from the monarch or other authority, thus justifying its existence. Power "from above" could ultimately derive from one God or several gods (see Divine Right of Kings).

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